H-beam is a cost-effective and highly efficient structural profile, characterized by an optimized cross-sectional distribution and a more balanced strength-to-weight ratio. Its name comes from the fact that its cross-section resembles the letter "H" in English. Because all components of the H-beam are arranged at right angles, it offers strong resistance to bending, simple construction, cost savings, and a lightweight design, making it widely used across various engineering applications.
The shape of the H-beam closely resembles the capital Latin letter "H," and it is also referred to as universal beam, wide-flange I-beam, or parallel flange I-beam. The cross-section typically consists of two main parts: the web (or waist) and the flanges (or edges). This unique structure contributes to its superior mechanical performance.
**Features**
One of the key features of H-beams is that the inner and outer sides of the flanges are parallel or nearly parallel, with the flange ends forming right angles, which is why it's called a "parallel flange I-beam." Compared to conventional I-beams, the web thickness of H-beams is thinner, while the flange width is wider for the same web height, hence the term "wide-flange I-beam." Due to this structural advantage, the section modulus, moment of inertia, and overall strength of H-beams are significantly better than those of standard I-beams of the same weight.
This makes H-beams ideal for a wide range of structural applications, whether under bending, axial compression, or eccentric loading. Compared to traditional I-beams, H-beams can enhance load-bearing capacity and reduce metal usage by 10% to 40%. Their wide flanges and thin webs allow for greater flexibility in use. When applied in truss structures, they can save up to 15% to 20% in material. Additionally, because the flange sides are parallel and the edges are square, H-beams are easy to assemble and connect into different components, reducing welding and riveting work by approximately 25%, thus accelerating construction speed and shortening project timelines.
**Applications**
Thanks to these advantages, H-beams are extensively used in various fields, including:
- Civil and industrial building structures
- Large-span industrial plants and modern high-rise buildings, especially in earthquake-prone areas and high-temperature environments
- Large bridges requiring high load capacity and good stability
- Heavy machinery and equipment
- Highway and railway infrastructure
- Shipbuilding and marine structures
- Mine support systems
- Foundation and embankment projects
- Various mechanical components
**Classification**
There are numerous specifications of H-beams, and they can be classified in several ways:
1. **By Flange Width**: Wide-flange, medium-flange, and narrow-flange H-beams. Wide and medium flange H-beams have a flange width (B) equal to or greater than the web height (H), while narrow-flange H-beams have a flange width approximately half of the web height.
2. **By Use**: They can be categorized as H-beam sections, H-columns, H-piles, or extra-thick flange H-beams. Some parallel leg channels and parallel flange T-beams may also fall under this category.
3. **By Production Method**: H-beams can be either rolled or welded.
4. **By Size**: They are divided into large, medium, and small H-beams based on the web height. Typically, those with a web height above 700mm are considered large, between 300–700mm are medium, and below 300mm are small. As of 1990, the largest H-beam produced had a web height of 1200mm and a flange width of 530mm.
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