The policy and institutional space for independent innovation as well as firm decision-making courage are of utmost importance.
Undoubtedly, power is the foundation of industry, and the engine has the mission of converting energy into mechanical work. It is no exaggeration to say that the engine is the "heart of the industry" and is of vital importance both for economic development and for national security. Although "MADEINCHINA" has been "contributing to the cities" in the global market, it has been difficult for China to get rid of the embarrassing role of the "world processing factory" because it has not cultivated the "flower of modern industry".
One hundred years of hardship from scratch
In 1908, Guangzhou Jun'an Machinery Factory produced the first gas engine, marking the birth of China's modern engine industry. But no one would have thought that the growth path of the Chinese engine industry would go so far afterwards. Before the founding of New China, China produced a total of less than 147,000 kilowatts of internal combustion engines. In 1949, the output was 7,300 kilowatts. And only to repair and imitation mainly, production methods to single-piece production.
After the founding of New China, beginning in the 1950s, China, with the help of the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries, quickly established its own engine industry system, which also heralded the coming of the spring of the Chinese engine industry. On August 25, 1954, the first batch of aero-engines in China, the imitation Su “Aim 11†piston engine, was successfully trial-produced at the Zhuzhou State-owned No. 331 Plant in Hunan, ending the history that China could not manufacture aero engines; In the same year, China's first turbojet engine “Vortex-5†was successfully imitated in Shenyang 410; in the same year, the CA10 gasoline engine shop was built at the Changchun First Automobile Manufacturing Plant, ending the history of China’s inability to mass produce automotive engines. .
After 60 years of growth, China's engine manufacturing has grown from nothing, and it has finally become a major producer of engines. In 2008 alone, there were a total of 1178 companies in China's internal combustion engine industry, producing a total of 61.12 million internal combustion engines, with a total power of 1.03 billion kilowatts. Among them, the automobile supporting power production ranks among the top three in the world; the output of construction machinery supporting power products ranks among the top in the world; the production of motorcycle internal combustion engines ranks first in the world; and the output of single-cylinder diesel engines is the first in the world.
As a field measuring the strength of a country’s military equipment and the strength of its scientific and technological industries, the new China’s aviation power industry has grown from scratch, from small to large, and has achieved comparative advantages in terms of maintenance and repair, introduction and digestion, mass production, improvement, and new aircraft R&D. With great achievements, a relatively complete R&D and production system has been established, and it has gradually grown into the world's fifth largest aero-engine production base.
"After entering this century, China's engine industry has entered a period of innovation and development. Taking me as the mainstay, introducing, digesting, re-innovation and integrated innovation are becoming the mainstream of technological innovation in the internal combustion engine industry. The introduction of key assembly technologies and the development of independent operations have become the dominant factors. "Forms." Although Xing Min, secretary general of the China Internal Combustion Engine Industry Association, was very much proud of the "Looking Hope" Newsweek. However, it cannot but face a cruel reality. The Chinese engine industry is large but not strong, especially in the cutting-edge power technology.
Still need to treat "heart disease"
"Recalling the history of the development of China's aviation engines for many years is almost a history of imitation production." The phrase that Wu Daguan, a famous aero engine expert once said, has been strongly told to be made in China. The Chinese engine industry wants to really stand on the world. The peak has a long way to go.
“Introducing innovations in digestion and reabsorption is an effective method for a country with a weak industrial foundation. It can be copied and has its own end. Without real independent research and development, China’s engine is ultimately subject to human control.†Tsinghua University is unwilling The expert who disclosed the name told this reporter.
Xing Min also said that although China's internal combustion engine industry, especially for automotive engines, medium- and low-speed high-power marine diesel engines through the introduction of technology, to a certain extent, shortened the gap with foreign advanced products, but it is difficult to master the cutting-edge high-tech engine. "Eg diesel engine electronically controlled high pressure injection technology, new combustion theory and control technology, new power technology, etc."
"In addition, due to the lack of key engine parts and key technologies, high-performance engines rely heavily on imports." The above-mentioned experts from Tsinghua University told this reporter.
The more serious problem is that in the national defense industry that involves national security, "heart disease" is even more serious.
Before the 1990s, China’s military aircraft engines were all imitations of Soviet aeroengines in the 1950s. The fighter-bomber “Flying Leopard†that was successfully developed in the 1990s was still used as an imitation of the British Spey engine produced in the 1970s. In addition, the Su -27 J-11, the export -FC-1 "Dragon" fighter, as well as the latest domestic J-10, are also used in the engine imported from Russia. The engine of the first regional jet ARJ21 in China is produced in the United States.
“China is one of the few countries or groups of countries in the world that can study aero engines themselves.†During the interview, an industry expert told reporters, “However, China is one of the most backward ones.†"Two bombs and one star" can realize the dream of traveling in space, but they are unable to stand firm on the engine. This is the mystery of the most puzzling manufacturing industry in China.
"It can be said that all the difficulties and problems that may be encountered in the development of high-tech industries, all of China's engine industries have met, and they have influenced each other and strengthened each other, forming a certain kind of vicious circle." In the interview, a domestic aviation expert said, "This is a common problem for advanced countries in developing advanced technology. It is only because of the extremely difficult engine development that it has been exposed to the fullest and comprehensiveness in this field."
[next]Open up an innovative institutional space
Experts interviewed said that if you want to get rid of the pain of “inadvertentlyâ€, it is not just a matter of technology, but depends on the transformation and innovation of a series of institutional mechanisms.
First of all, there must be a long-term and stable development plan.
Experts pointed out that engine development is an arduous project with high technology, high risk, long cycle, and many investments. It is also a design, manufacturing, test, failure, redesign, repeated modification and test verification, until the engine satisfactorily passes various items. The trial-and-error process. The country must have long-term and stable planning and high-intensity investment. Otherwise, the engine model will increase or decrease at will, and the development of the new machine will be abandoned. This will not only waste state funds, but will also dampen the enthusiasm of scientific researchers.
Taking an aeroengine as an example, China has long been implementing model traction—first determining the aircraft to be developed, and then developing the supporting engine. The result of this is often that: or the engine is underdeveloped, dragging down the development schedule of the aircraft; or the failed development of the aircraft has led to the disabling of the supporting engine. For example, the turbofan-6 engine was originally an engine for the æ¼-9 and Qiang-6, and later, due to the dismounting of the plane, the very promising turbofan-6 failed.
In comparison, Western countries such as the United States, Britain, and France have been implementing long-term, stable and strong support and investment in accordance with the concept of “pre-researching first,†and have implemented a number of mid- and long-term research plans that are completely decoupled from specific models. All of them are purely comprehensive technological research programs. At the same time, through the joint investment of the government and industry, a number of mid- and short-term special research plans have been implemented, which provide sufficient technical reserves for the development of engines and reduce the technological risks of engineering development. Shortened the development cycle.
Second, the development of the engine for independent research and development space and time, change the reliance on the introduction and imitation.
Xing Min gave an example to this reporter: China's automobile industry has started to develop from commercial vehicles, passenger cars such as passenger cars are basically joint ventures with foreign countries after the reform and opening up, so the independent research and development of commercial vehicles in China has been It continues to carry out and provides reliable guarantees for the upgrading of China's own-brand commercial vehicles; however, the independent R&D of China's passenger car supporting power is still in its infancy, with the development of China's own-brand passenger cars, especially cars. Forming constraints.
“This shows that the real development of the national engine industry cannot be achieved by merely introducing technology and cooperating with foreign countries. What is more important is to allow independent products to have room for practice, even if the domestic products are slightly inferior in terms of performance.†The experts of Tsinghua University mentioned above Speaking, the greater impact is that blindly relying on the introduction and imitation will inhibit the ability of researchers to innovate.
As mentioned earlier, China’s engine industry started as an imitation, although it helped us quickly establish a relatively complete industrial system, but we have to admit that it also largely blocked our thinking. Because there are templates that can be used for reference, why bother to work hard on R&D? In many cases, you are used to relying on existing technologies and develop any kind of engine, hoping to find a kind of original machine or technical assistance. According to the results of the painting, it is often only known but it does not know why, their own R & D strength does not have much growth.
Finally, it is necessary to establish an efficient and reasonable scientific research system and change the situation in which each one is at war.
“The engine development requires a national team.†During the interview, Professor Zhuo Bin, an engine expert and dean of the Yuchai Engineering Institute, bluntly stated that China’s research talents are not lacking, the key is too disperse, and they’re fighting each other. The power of scientific research has become even weaker.
Experts stated that basic research and innovation capabilities are the basis for the development of the engine industry, and the country-level R&D centers that specialize in the research of advanced technologies and basic common technologies are the most critical. For example, in the field of aeroengines, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States and the Rukovsky Central Air Fluid Research Institute of the former Soviet Union are typical representatives.
The Chinese engine industry lacks a systematic research system for a long time in the development process. A large number of model developments and new technology tests are performed by various research institutes. There is a lack of planning among the various engine research institutions. Although there are turbine research institutes in the aerospace engine industry as an independent scientific research institution, it lacks a mechanism capable of macroscopically controlling the development of related technologies as a whole, and lacks a professional technology development and verification system that can be independent of model application research.
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