H-beam is an economical and efficient structural section characterized by an optimized cross-sectional layout, offering a more balanced strength-to-weight ratio. Its name comes from the fact that its cross-section resembles the letter "H" in English. Due to the right-angle arrangement of all its components, H-beam provides strong bending resistance, ease of construction, cost efficiency, and a lightweight design in all directions, making it widely used across various industries.
The shape of an H-beam is similar to the capital letter "H," which is why it's also referred to as universal beam, wide-flange I-beam, or parallel flange I-beam. The cross-section typically consists of two main parts: the web (or waist) and the flange (or edge). This design allows for enhanced structural performance and versatility.
**Features**
One of the key features of H-beam is that the inner and outer sides of the flanges are parallel or nearly parallel, with the flange ends at right angles, hence the term "parallel flange I-beam." Compared to traditional I-beams, H-beams have thinner webs and wider flanges for the same height, which improves their mechanical properties. As a result, H-beams offer better section modulus, moment of inertia, and overall strength per unit weight than standard I-beams.
They are highly versatile and suitable for various structural applications, whether subjected to bending, axial loading, or eccentric forces. Compared to conventional I-beams, H-beams can significantly increase load capacity while saving 10% to 40% in material usage. Their wide flanges and thin webs make them ideal for truss structures, where they can save up to 15% to 20% in metal. Additionally, the parallel flanges allow for easier assembly and connection, reducing welding and riveting work by approximately 25%, thereby accelerating construction and shortening project timelines.
**Applications**
Due to these advantages, H-beams are extensively used in various fields. They are commonly found in civil and industrial buildings, large-span industrial plants, and modern high-rise structures—especially in regions prone to earthquakes or high-temperature environments. They are also used in large-scale bridges requiring high load capacity and good stability, heavy machinery, highway infrastructure, ship hulls, mine support systems, foundation engineering, and various mechanical components.
**Classification**
There are multiple ways to classify H-beams based on different criteria. First, by flange width, they can be divided into wide-flange, medium-flange, and narrow-flange H-beams. Wide and medium flange beams have flange widths equal to or greater than the web height, while narrow flange beams have flange widths approximately half of the web height. Second, by application, they can be categorized as H-beam columns, H-beam piles, or ultra-thick flange H-beams. Sometimes, parallel leg channels and parallel flange T-beams are also included in this category. Narrow flange H-beams are typically used as beams, while wide flange H-beams are often used as columns.
Third, by production method, H-beams can be either welded or rolled. Lastly, by size, they are classified as large, medium, or small. Large H-beams have a web height over 700mm, medium ones range from 300 to 700mm, and small ones are under 300mm. By the end of 1990, the largest H-beam produced had a web height of 1200mm and a flange width of 530mm, showcasing the advanced capabilities of modern steel manufacturing.
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